In the coming decades, the sustainable and more efficient management of water and land resources will be one of the crucial issues of the overall development of many areas in the world. This will become a major challenge not only for people living in arid regions, but for the rest of the world as well, preventing food insecurity and potential conflict. This was fully recognized by the UN Millennium Summit, underlined where World leaders marked out eight principal Millennium Development Goals: eradication of poverty, malnutrition and hunger; environmental sustainability; promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women and building a global partnership for development. These goals and related issues will be among the main topics to be discussed on the occasion of this international conference.