Dams are among the most destructive developments that impact on rivers and ecosystems, threatening both wildlife and people. According to the United Nation’s 2003 World Water Development report, 60% of the world’s 227 largest rivers are severely fragmented by dams, diversions and canals leading to the degradation of ecosystems that play an essential role in filtering and assuring freshwater resources. Dams can also bring substantial benefits by providing water for irrigation, electricity from hydropower or flood protection. However, as the authoritative World Commission on Dams (WCD) has shown, the benefits of dams are often exaggerated, while the social and environmental costs tend to get underestimated. The WCD has also shown that there is a way forward by applying a new framework for decision-making. WWF has welcomed the report of the WCD and is urging decisionmakers to apply the WCD’s recommendations.